How America Saved Italy and the World: Using Bretton Woods and the Marshall Plan after World War II to Bring Stability and Peace to Europe through Instruments of National Power, Blocking Communism

Nonfiction, History, Italy, Military, World War II
Cover of the book How America Saved Italy and the World: Using Bretton Woods and the Marshall Plan after World War II to Bring Stability and Peace to Europe through Instruments of National Power, Blocking Communism by Progressive Management, Progressive Management
View on Amazon View on AbeBooks View on Kobo View on B.Depository View on eBay View on Walmart
Author: Progressive Management ISBN: 9781370094974
Publisher: Progressive Management Publication: March 2, 2017
Imprint: Smashwords Edition Language: English
Author: Progressive Management
ISBN: 9781370094974
Publisher: Progressive Management
Publication: March 2, 2017
Imprint: Smashwords Edition
Language: English

This excellent report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. As early as World War I, the United States possessed a vision for how to eliminate the propensity of interstate warfare. Actually achieving this vision proved difficult until after World War II. Then, US policy makers used a mix of security, economic, and regional incentives to bring their global vision into fruition. The 1948 Marshall Plan balanced the priorities of Italy's local security, economic, and regional security concerns to be effective. Immediately following the Italian landing operations, the Allies used civil affairs to re-establish the rule of law and secure the population. Believing economic competition ultimately led states to war, the United States then established international institutions to quell economic favoritism in Italy. When these Bretton Woods institutions proved insufficient, the United States then looked for a stimulus and modernization program to rebuild Italy and Europe. The purpose of this stimulus in the form of the Marshall Plan was to make recipient states capable of self-sufficient operation. The stimulus aimed to create regions insusceptible to alternative forms of government, namely communism. The enormous financial and political investment in the Marshall Plan required US policy makers to justify the costs to a skeptical public, one that sometimes failed to see the immediate connection between financial aid and security. Linking the Marshall Plan to the idea of containing the spread of communism allowed its passage and helped save Italy. The context and cost of the Marshall Plan make it a singularly unique type of US diplomacy. This same criteria provides a caution to those that advocate its re-application to modern problems.

Once the Allies entered Italy, suddenly two million Italian citizens became their responsibility, all who faced challenges similar to Peter Ghiringhelli. Throughout World War II, the Allies fought to apply a broader base of pressure on the Axis Forces, especially to open a second front and relieve their beleaguered Soviet compatriots bearing the brunt of the Axis assault. In Italy, they finally achieved that turning point. Troops landed in Sicily and began their long march into the heart of the Axis via the soft, Mediterranean underbelly. By immediately securing Italy while maneuvering, the Allies set future conditions for Italy's long-term stability. Yet achieving this long-term stability led to another problem, a problem of economics. As seen in the second story, US policy makers struggled with how to best use aid to recreate a self-sufficient Italian economy. In addition to destroying the social and political institutions that held the country together, World War II destroyed Italy's fragile economy. Industrial output stood at only twenty-nine percent of pre-war levels, with agricultural output at sixty-three percent. Italy always depended on its neighbors for certain basic raw materials such as cotton, metals, rubber, and natural energy products. Relative to young Peter's challenges, Italy imported nearly half of its wheat supply.

View on Amazon View on AbeBooks View on Kobo View on B.Depository View on eBay View on Walmart

This excellent report has been professionally converted for accurate flowing-text e-book format reproduction. As early as World War I, the United States possessed a vision for how to eliminate the propensity of interstate warfare. Actually achieving this vision proved difficult until after World War II. Then, US policy makers used a mix of security, economic, and regional incentives to bring their global vision into fruition. The 1948 Marshall Plan balanced the priorities of Italy's local security, economic, and regional security concerns to be effective. Immediately following the Italian landing operations, the Allies used civil affairs to re-establish the rule of law and secure the population. Believing economic competition ultimately led states to war, the United States then established international institutions to quell economic favoritism in Italy. When these Bretton Woods institutions proved insufficient, the United States then looked for a stimulus and modernization program to rebuild Italy and Europe. The purpose of this stimulus in the form of the Marshall Plan was to make recipient states capable of self-sufficient operation. The stimulus aimed to create regions insusceptible to alternative forms of government, namely communism. The enormous financial and political investment in the Marshall Plan required US policy makers to justify the costs to a skeptical public, one that sometimes failed to see the immediate connection between financial aid and security. Linking the Marshall Plan to the idea of containing the spread of communism allowed its passage and helped save Italy. The context and cost of the Marshall Plan make it a singularly unique type of US diplomacy. This same criteria provides a caution to those that advocate its re-application to modern problems.

Once the Allies entered Italy, suddenly two million Italian citizens became their responsibility, all who faced challenges similar to Peter Ghiringhelli. Throughout World War II, the Allies fought to apply a broader base of pressure on the Axis Forces, especially to open a second front and relieve their beleaguered Soviet compatriots bearing the brunt of the Axis assault. In Italy, they finally achieved that turning point. Troops landed in Sicily and began their long march into the heart of the Axis via the soft, Mediterranean underbelly. By immediately securing Italy while maneuvering, the Allies set future conditions for Italy's long-term stability. Yet achieving this long-term stability led to another problem, a problem of economics. As seen in the second story, US policy makers struggled with how to best use aid to recreate a self-sufficient Italian economy. In addition to destroying the social and political institutions that held the country together, World War II destroyed Italy's fragile economy. Industrial output stood at only twenty-nine percent of pre-war levels, with agricultural output at sixty-three percent. Italy always depended on its neighbors for certain basic raw materials such as cotton, metals, rubber, and natural energy products. Relative to young Peter's challenges, Italy imported nearly half of its wheat supply.

More books from Progressive Management

Cover of the book Apollo and America's Moon Landing Program: Apollo 16 Technical Crew Debriefing with Unique Observations about the Fifth Lunar Mission - Astronauts Young, Duke and Mattingly by Progressive Management
Cover of the book The Makara of Hizballah: Deception in the 2006 Summer War - History and Organization of Hizballah, Lebanon, Chain of Command, Hijacking the Internet, Bunkers, Denial Operations, Electronic Warfare by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Failed Intervention: The United States in the Balkans - Origins of War, Disintegration, U.S. Strategic Lessons, Legacy of Yugoslavia by Progressive Management
Cover of the book 21st Century U.S. Military Manuals: The United States Army Functional Concept for Intelligence - TRADOC 525-2-1, Full-Spectrum Operations, Cyber, WMD, Entry (Professional Format Series) by Progressive Management
Cover of the book The Moment of Truth: The Final Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, with Additional Member Comments - Federal Deficit, Social Security, Medicare, Entitlements by Progressive Management
Cover of the book 21st Century FEMA Study Course: National Incident Management System (NIMS) Intrastate Mutual Aid (IS-706) - Emergency Responders, HSPD-5, MABAS, EBAC, Lessons Learned from Hurricane Katrina by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Recruitment and Retention Manual - Guidebook for Managers and Recruiters of Volunteer and Career Personnel, Leadership, Stress Management, Marketing by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Pioneering Astronauts, NASA Oral Histories: Glenn, Carpenter, Cooper, Allen, Brand, Engle, Lind, plus Apollo 13 History by Lunney by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Space Shuttle NASA Mission Reports: 1986 and 1988 Missions, STS 61-C, STS-26, STS-27 by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Celebrating 50 Years: The Eisenhower Interstate Highway System - History of the Interstate Road and Transportation Infrastructure, Impact on American Culture, Ways to Reduce Congestion by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Questions and Answers About Swine Flu: 2009 H1N1 Pandemic Influenza - Medical Data with Information on Symptoms, Treatment, Vaccine Safety and Drugs by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Why Do Programs Fail? An Analysis of Defense Program Manager Decision-Making in Complex and Chaotic Program Environments: Impacted by Process, Control, Relationships, Motive, and Risk by Progressive Management
Cover of the book U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Advisory and Combat Assistance Era 1954-1964 - War in Southeast Asia, Communist Insurgency, MACV, SHUFLY, Soc Trang, Mekong Delta, VNMC, Monsoons, Prelude to Escalation by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Space Primer (AU-18): Comprehensive Spaceflight History and Guidebook, Doctrine, Orbital Mechanics, Military Space, Satellites, Rockets, NASA Programs, Threats, Designs, Operations, Intelligence by Progressive Management
Cover of the book Air Force Doctrine Document 3-12, Cyberspace Operations: Malware, Network Defense, Definitions, Policy and Doctrine, U.S. National Cyberspace Policy, United States Strategic Command by Progressive Management
We use our own "cookies" and third party cookies to improve services and to see statistical information. By using this website, you agree to our Privacy Policy